12th Flora of Thailand Meeting
Posters abstract
The Genus Polyalthia Blume (Annonaceae) in Thailand
Pasakorn Boonchalee, Pranom Chantaranothai, Achra Thammathaworn & Piya Chalermglin
The genus Polyalthia Blume (Annonaceae) in Thailand is taxonomically revised. Twenty-eight species and three varieties (31 taxa) have been recognised. So far, 21 species have been identified: P. bullata, P. cauliflora var. desmantha, P. cerasoides, P. cinnamomea, P. clavigera, P. debilis, P. dubia, P. evecta, var. intermedia, P. glauca, P. jucunda, P. lateriflora, P. lateritia, P. longifolia, P. obtusa, P. parviflora, P. sclerophylla, P. simiarum, P. socia, P. stenopetala, P. suberosa and P. viridis. One of these, P. lateritia is reported for the first time in Thailand.
A new genus and species of Annonaceae from Thailand
Richard M. K. Saunders, Yvonne C. F. Su & Piya Chalermglin
A putative new genus and species has been discovered in Kanchanaburi Province, western Thailand. The new taxon consists of small trees with pendulous, unisexual flowers; the petals are in two whorls, with the larger inner whorl forming a mitriform dome over the reproductive organs. It is suggested that the genus is most closely related to Pseuduvaria and Orophea, but is distinguished by the leaf-opposed development of flowers, determinate inflorescences, elongated conical torus in staminate flowers, and unusual staminal connectives that are apically expanded but not laterally dilated over the thecae. Other significant differences include unisexual flowers, distinguishing the new taxon from Orophea, and solitary pollen grains (monads), distinguishing it from Pseuduvaria.
Ethnomedical uses of Thai Annonaceous plants
Wongsatit Chuakul & Noppamas Soonthornchareonnon
A survey of the ethnomedical uses of Thai Annonaceous plants in twenty-one provinces was carried out by interviewing herbalists followed by collecting and identifying the plant specimens. The survey sites were six provinces in the North: Nan, Chiang Mai, Lampang, Sukhothai, Phitsanulok, and Phetchabun; seven provinces in the Northeast: Sakon Nakhon, Maha Sarakham, Ubon Ratchathani, Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima, Yasothon, and Surin; seven provinces in Central, East and West: Saraburi, Bangkok, Sa Kaeo, Chachoengsao, Chanthaburi, Phetchaburi, Kanchanaburi; and eleven provinces in the South: Chumphon, Ranong, Surat Thani, Phangnga, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang, Satun, Krabi, Pattani, Narathiwat and Yala, In addition the plant specimens were compared with authentic specimens at two herbaria: the Bangkok Herbarium, Botany Section, Botany and Weed Science Division, Department of Agriculture, and the Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, both at Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Sixty-one medicinal plants of Thai Annonaceae were recorded. Twenty-two genera of this family; Alphonsea, Anaxagorea, Annona, Artabotrys, Cananga, Cyathostemma, Dasymaschalon, Desmos, Ellipeia, Ellipeiopsis, Fissistigma, Goniothalamus, Melodorum, Miliusa, Mitreflora, Monocarpia, Nervopetalum, Polyalthia, Rauwenhoffia, Stelechocarpus, Uvaria, and Xylopia, were ethnomedically used.
Phylogeny of Miliusa and allied Asian Annonaceae using cpDNA and morphology
Johan B. Mols, Paul J.A. Kessler & B. Gravendeel
The Annonaceae are a major component of the lowland rainforest in the Flora Malesiana area. Generic and tribal delimitation in Asian Annonaceae has been and still is often controversial due to many parallel evolutionary trends. This project will concentrate on the Saccopetaleae tribe (comprising 6 genera and around 130 species), which has been revised almost completely in the last 20 years. We will try to answer the following questions:
1) is the genus Miliusa monophyletic and what are the relationships between the species?
2) Is the tribe Saccopetaleae (Miliusa, Orophea, Alphonsea, Mezzettia, Phoenicanthus and Platymitra) monophyletic and what are the relationships between the genera?
3) What morphological key characters are evolutionary informative and can be used to define the species, genera and tribe?
To answer these questions both molecular (cpDNA: matK and rbcL gene, trnL intron, and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer) and morphological data (with the emphasis on seed, pollen and flower characters) are used and will be analysed. Preliminary results of a phylogenetic analysis using DNA sequences of forty Annonaceae taxa are presented here. The genus Miliusa is not monophyletic, the tribe Saccopetaleae is clearly paraphyletic and the genera Phaeanthus and Polyalthia p.p. are the closest relatives of Miliusa. The resulting cladogram does not support the traditionally used tribal delimitation and therefore a redefinition of almost all Asian Annonaceae tribes is needed in view of this new evidence.
The Rubiaceae of Ko Chang, Trat
Voradol Chamchumroon & Christian Puff
Ko Chang is the second largest island in Thailand. Its Rubiaceae were treated by K. Schumann in Schmidt's "Flora of Koh Chang". He recognized 55 species in 26 genera. The Ko Chang material had been sent to Schumann (who worked in Berlin) for identification. Presumably because the Berlin herbarium lacked sufficient material from Thailand and its surroundings, Schumann, who actually had a profound knowledge of Rubiaceae, was unable to match numerous collections and subsequently (in part, unjustly) described several new taxa and came up with some "strange" identifications. Based on field work in Ko Chang and the study of collections in several herbaria (from Thailand and from abroad) we are now able to present an updated treatment in which Schumann's errors are corrected and several taxa, previously not recorded from the island, are added. Currently, 34 genera and close to 70 species are recorded.
The Genus Hedyotis L. (Rubiaceae) in Thailand
Khanit Wangwasit, Pranom Chantaranothai & Achra Thammathaworn
The genus Hedyotis L. in Thailand is studied. Fifty two species and three varieties are enumerated. Descriptions, a key to the species and varieties, and illustrations are provided. Oldenlandia kamputensis is transferred to Hedyotis, and 13 species are expected to be new species.
Geographical/ecological/morphological, and cytological variation in the genus Cryptocoryne (Araceae) in Thailand
Duangchai Sookchaloem & Niels Jacobsen
Cryptocoryne albida Parker, C. ciliata (Roxburgh) Schott, C. cordata Griffith, and C. crispatula Engler are know from Thailand. A report of C. affinis Hooker f. from south Thailand has not yet been confirmed. The species are aquatic to amphibious and grow in smaller or larger streams and rivers. They reproduce abundantly by seeds, but the extension of a local population is to a large extent dependant upon vegetative reproduction by usually subterranean, far creeping rhizomes/stolons.
The Thai Cryptocoryne are a good example of geographical/ ecological/morphological variation found in Thai plants, where different leaf forms are adapted to the topography and water bearing of the rivers in which they grow. And where polyploidy adds another dimension to the patterns of species variation. On the other hand the different basic, aneuploid chromosome numbers, found in the Thai species of Cryptocoryne, viz. 2n = 22, 34, 36 clearly help differentiate the different species. But within species euploids are also found, viz. 3x, 4x, 5x, and 6x.
The genus Alpinia Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand
Surapol Saensouk , Pranom Chantaranothai & Kai Larsen
The specimens of the Thai Alpinia Roxb. which are kept at Thai herbaria, have been consulted. Some species have also been studied in their natural habitats. So far, fourteen species have been recognised: A. assimilis, A. blepharocalyx, A. conchigera, A. galanga, A. javanica, A. macroura, A. malaccensis, A. mutica, A. nigra, A. nutans, A. oxymitra, A. aff. rafflesiana, A. siamense and A. zerumbet.
Notes on the infra-generic classification of the genus Curcuma L.
Charun Maknoi & Puangpen Sirirugsa
The genus Curcuma L. has been divided into subgenera and sections by several taxonomists, such as Baker (1894), Schumann (1904) and Valeton (1918), using different criteria. However, the taxonomy of this genus is still problematic. One objective of the present study on the genus Curcuma of Thailand is to revise the infra-generic classification of this genus. Following a comparative morphological study of Thai Curcuma species, it is suggested that this genus can be divided into two subgenera, Eucurcuma K. Schum. and Hitcheniopsis K. Schum, following Schumann's system. It is also possible to reduce subgenus Paracurcuma Val. (sensu stricto) under subgenus Eucurcuma as section Paracurcuma. The taxonomic problems of this genus are discussed. The representative species of Curcuma are provided.
The genus Zingiber Miller in Thailand
Pramote Triboun, Pranom Chantaranothai & Kai Larsen
The genus Zingiber in Thailand is taxonomically revised. So far, 45 species have been recognised, including two introduced species: Z. officinale and Z. montanum. Ten species are endemic to Thailand and at least 5 species are the first record for the country. Z. idae is proposed as a replaced name for Z. villosum Theilade and also the first floral description is emended. Four taxa are investigated and probably new to science. Descriptions and photographs are given.
Taxonomic Monograph of Pomatocalpa (Orchidaceae)
Santi Watthana
The objective of this study is to prepare a taxonomic monograph of Pomatocalpa Breda and thus provide (1) a solid basis for future inclusion of this genus in phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses, and (2) an updated survey of the distribution and conservation needs of species under this genus. The genus Pomatocalpa belongs to subtribe Aeridinae and tribe Vandeae. It is characterized by the flower having a lip which is more or less bucket shaped and with a distinct tongue at the back wall, often forked at the tip, projecting well down in the sac. The fleshy lip is immovably attached to a short, footless column that has a bifid, hammer-shaped rostellum, 4 pollinia in two unequal pairs, and strap-shaped stipes. There are 38 species in total, distributed from Sri Lanka to Fiji and Samoa, south to Northern Australia and north to Southern China and Taiwan. The genus is very well represented in Thailand, where at least 9 species occur. The highest number of endemic species is found in New Guinea.
There are two main groups of species characterized by their habit
(1) small fan-shaped plants with short internodes producing pendent inflorescences and
(2) large rambling plants with long internodes producing long pedunculate-branching inflorescences.
Because of the small and usually dull-colored flowers, only Pomatocalpa bicolor, P. acuminata, P. latifolia and P. spicata are commonly cultivated. This genus has never been the subject of a taxonomic monograph, and even the latest complete survey of Pomatocalpa is 90 years old. During my Ph.D. study at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark from 2002-2005, Pomatocalpa collections were requested on loan from AAU, AMES, B, BK, BKF, BM, K, L, MA, MEL, P, PNH, and W as well as a number of smaller local herbaria to solve the systematic and nomenclatural problems. Additionally, cladistic analysis is to be conducted for hypothesizing the phylogeny of this genus while multivariate techniques will be used to analyse P. latifolia sensu lato and P. spicata sensu lato which are both complex groups.
The Setariinae (Poaceae) in Thailand
Monthon Norsaengsri & Pranom Chantaranothai
The first checklist of the Thai Setariinae (Poaceae) since the treatment of Craib in 1931 is presented. The objective is to update this tribe which is distributed all over the country and provide the fundamental data for monographic and revisional studies in the future. So far, 89 species belonging to 19 genera are enumerated.
Progress in Flora of Thailand Dioscoreaceae
Chirdsak Thapyai, Pual Wilkin2 & Kongkanda Chayamarit
A study on Thai Dioscoreaceae has been conducted through a cooperation of The Forest Herbarium (BKF), Royal Forest Department and The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K). Since 1999, the first author has been assigned to the project for his Ph.D. thesis. The total number of species of the family Dioscoreaceae based on examination of herbarium specimens and field observations in various parts of Thailand is about 45 species in 2 genera, Dioscorea and Trichopus. Dioscorea petelotii Prain & Burkill is a new record for Thailand. Moreover, male and female flowers of several yams were found and described for the first time such as male and female flowers of D. craibiana Prain & Burkill, mature capsule and seed of D. pseudotomentosa Prain & Burkill. The common species are Dioscorea alata L. (both in natural and cultivated), D. bulbifera L., D. glabra Roxb., D. hispida Dennst., and D. esculenta (Lour.) Burkill (mostly cultivated). They are scattered in moist-mixed deciduous and evergreen forest, throughout the country. Within a species, the size of vegetative parts vary greatly, depending on environmental conditions such as soil depth and soil drainage properties.
The Gentianaceae for the Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vi?tnam
Sovanmoly Hul
Introduced in 1789 by JUSSIEU, the Gentianaceae gathered about 10 genera. Later, other scientists attached to this family a great deal of species and genera, spread in various tribes. In 1876 BENTHAM & HOOKER splitted this family in 3 tribes, Exaceae, Chironieae and Swertieae. In 1895, GILG recognized 5 tribes, based upon pollen grains characters: Gentianeae, Rusbyantheae, Helieae, Voyrieae and Leiphaimeae. Later, other authors kept more or less the same taxonomic sudivisions. The tribe Menyantheae is to be removed out of Gentianaceae and Gentianales. On the other hand one must stress that the limits between some species are some what questionable as it is in Gentiana genus which on it own gathers about 400 species.
Presently the Gentianaceae accounts ca. 76 genera and 100 species. Cosmopolitan, it mostly spreads upon temperate areas in either high or low altitude; in tropical Asia it is encountered in wet district of mountains, sometime in savannah or in clear deciduous woods with Dipterocarpaceae. DOP & GAGNEPAIN (in Flore G?n?rale de l'Indochine 4 : 178, 1914) mentioned 19 genera and 22 species in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Following our study 10 genera and 27 species were listed to the Flora of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.
While revising Gentianaceae for this Flora, the study of material from Asia, mostly the Indo-chinese Peninsula drove us to identify 11 new species (cf. HUL 1999, in Adansonia, s?r. 3, 21 (2): 245-253; HUL 2002, in Adansonia, s?r. 3, 24 (1): 37-41), among them:
- 6 in genus Gentiana L.: G. bokorensis Hul from Cambodia, G. leroyana Hul from Laos, G. langbianensis A. Chev. ex Hul, G. tonkinensis Hul, G. jouyana Hul and G. lowryi Hul from Vietnam.
- 2 in genus Crawfurdia Wall.: C. poilanei Hul and C. tonkinensis J. Murata ex Hul from Vietnam.
- 3 in genus Tripterospermum Blume : T. brevidentatum Hul, T. microcarpum Hul and T. robustum Harry Smith ex Hul from Vietnam.
We made comparisons at both generic and specific levels for the Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vi?tnam and the Flora of Thailand about this family revised by UBOLCHOLAKET in 1987, considering the new nomenclatural names of some species (i. e. cf. HO Ting-Nong & LIU Shang-Wu, [New names, new combinations and taxonomic notes of Gentiana (Gentianaceae) from South and Southeast Asia], in Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 38 (1) : 10-12, 2000).
Comparative Anatomy of Fimbristylis Vahl (Cyperaceae) in Thailand
Kamolhathai Phulphong, Achra Thammathaworn & Pranom Chantaranothai
Twenty-nine species (30 taxa) of Thai Fimbristylis were investigated by epidermal peel and transverse section of leaves, bracts and culms. In surface view the diagnostic anatomical characters at the species level are the presence or absence of trichomes, the type and distribution of trichomes: hairs, prickles and papillae, the shape of subsidiary cells, the number of rows of stomata, the character of the cell walls and shape of epidermal cells in the intercostal region, the character of the cell walls and size of epidermal cells in the costal region and the arrangement and continuation of silica bodies in epidermal cells. In transverse sections the shape of leaves, bracts and culms, the presence or absence of air cavities, the thickness of the outer periclinal walls of the epidermal cells, the shape of subsidiary cells, the character and distribution of sclerenchyma, the character of the cell walls of radiated chlorenchyma that completely surround the vascular bundles, the arrangement and distribution of vascular bundles, the presence of U-shaped thickening fibre as the middle layer of bundle sheath, the presence or absence of bulliform cells and hypodermis in leaves and bracts, the number of hypodermal cell tiers, the size and distribution of hypodermal cells and the presence of raised stomata in leaves are useful for the species classification.
A taxonomic study of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) in Thailand
Charan Leeratiwong & Pranom Chantaranothai
The genus Clerodendrum L. in Thailand is revised. Thirty-three species and two varieties are recognized, four of which are endemic. One species is probably new to science. A key, descriptions and illustrations are presented. Pollen grains in Clerodendrum are more or less spheroidal in shape, 32.5-125 m in diameter, the exine is echinate and thin, 1.2-6 m. The pollen data do not provide good taxonomic evidence for species identification.
Studies on Thai Vitex (Lamiaceae)
Suttira Khoomgratok & Pranom Chantaranothai
The genus Vitex in Thailand is taxonomically revised to comprise 16 species; V. canescens, V. cochinchinensis, V. coriacea, V. gamosepala, V. glabrata, V. limonifolia, V. longisepala, V. negundo, V. peduncularis, V. pinnata, V. quinata, V. rotundifolia, V. scabra, V. siamica, V. trifolia and V. vestita. A key, photographs, ecological and distributional information are provided.
Tribe Inuleae (Asteraceae) in Thailand
Pimwadee Pornpongrungrueng, Pranom Chantaranothai & Achra Thammathaworn
The tribe Inuleae (Asteraceae) in Thailand is studied. One species in Anisopappus, 21 in Blumea, five (seven taxa) in Duhaldea and two in Pentanema are recognised. Keys, desciptions, distributional and ecological information are provided for all taxa. Three new combinations are made: D. cappa (Ham. ex D.Don) A.Anderb. form. radiata (H.Koyama) P.Pornpongrungrueng & Chantaranothai, D. eupatorioides (DC.) A.Anderb. var. disciformia (H.Koyama) P.Pornpongrungrueng & Chantararanothai and D. paiensis (H.Koyama) P.Pornpongrungrueng & Chantaranothai.
Comparative Anatomy and Spore Morphology of the Genus Pyrrosia Mirbel (Polypodiaceae) in Thailand
Kanokorn Kotrnon, Achra Thammathaworn & Pranom Chantaranothai
Twenty-one taxa of the genus Pyrrosia Mirbel in Thailand were studied, including Drymoglossum piloselloides. Anatomical studies of all species were investigated by lamina epidermal peels and transections of leaves, stipes, rhizomes and roots. Presence or absence of hydathode, type of trichomes, type and level of stomata, shape and wall of epidermal cell, presence or absence of hypodermis, presence or absence of fibre in midrib and leaf margin, arrangement of mesophyll, stipe shape in transections, distribution of sclereid cells and presence or absence of fibre in the cortex of rhizomes were found to be useful for species identification. Acetolysed or alkalide spores of 19 taxa were investigated by using both light and scanning electron microscopes. Based on sculpturing, they can be divided into 5 groups; (1) verrucate (2) parallel folds (3) psilate (4) echinate and verrucate and (5) tuberculate and verrucate.
Checklist of Rhamnaceae in Thailand
Monthon Norsaengsri & Pranom Chantaranothai
The family Rhamnaceae in Thailand is studied. Twenty-six species and two varieties in eight genera are recognized. An updated classification with keys, revised nomenclature, geographical distribution and ecological information are also given.
Karen Traditional Plant Usage in Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand
Chusie Trisonthi, Paritat Trisonthi & Pimjai Apawatcharui
The Karen hill tribe in Thailand is self-reliant and nature-dependent for their survival. Traditional knowledge of plant usage by the Karen was gathered using field survey and semi-structural and open-ended interviews in various hamlets in Khun Yuam district, Mae Hong Son Province, northern Thailand. The area is the origin of the manifique orchid (Paphiopedilum villosum) and has been reserved as a conservation site under Her Majesty the Queen Initiative Project. Plant specimens were collected and identified to 113 families, 285 genera, and 354 species. The plants are mostly used as food (166 species) and medicines (118 species). Other usages are as house construction materials, fuel wood, dyes, fiber and clothing materials. The plants are also used in important ceremonies, events and rituals. The data obtained in this survey can be used to improve rural livelihoods and as baseline data for sustainable natural resource management.
Study of Ethnobotany in Southern Border Province, Thailand
Ubonwan Upho & Chusie Trisonthi
This study focussed on local plant uses among the native people in the southern border provinces of Thailand: Satun, Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat. These people, especially those who live in rural areas, have accumulated a great wealth of knowledge on traditional plant uses, but this is fading due to deforestation and loss of interest in the younger generation. It is, therefore, felt worthwhile to record the folk uses of local plants before the information is lost. This study was conducted from May 2001 to May 2002. Local names and traditional uses of the plants were collected. The plant samples were collected and identified to species level, and deposited in the herbarium. This study reveals that over 250 plant species were used. They are mainly used as food, medicine, and housing materials. Interesting plants used for food are Metroxylon sagu Rottb., Eleiodoxa conferta (Griff.) Burr., Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T.Anderson, Mangifera caesia Jack, etc. Moreover, there are several kinds of plant that were used for medicinal purposes such as Myrmecophila sinusa (Wall ex Hook) Nakai ex H. Ito., Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp., Cryptocoryne cordata Griff., etc. Interesting plants used for construction and utensils are Oncosperma tigillaria Ridl., Fagraea fragrans Roxb., Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br., Pandanus immersus Ridl., etc. The results obtained will provide very useful information for the appropriate management and wise use of natural resources as well as for the conservation of local wisdom